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Objectives

1. List features that distinguish living organisms from nonliving matter.

2. Describe the general pattern of energy flow through Earth’s life forms, and explain how Earth’s resources are used again and again (cycled).

3. Explain what is meant by the term diversity, and speculate about what caused the great diversity of life forms on Earth.

4. List as many steps of the scientific approach to understanding a problem as you can.

5. Explain how people came to believe that the populations of organisms that inhabit Earth have changed through time.

6. Understand as well as you can what limitations are imposed on science and scientists.

Key Terms

cell

tissues

organs

organ systems

population

community

ecosystem

biosphere

DNA

enzymes

inheritance

reproduction

development

energy

metabolism

producers

consumers

decomposers

receptors

stimulus

homeostasis

species

genus, genera

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

prokaryotic

plants

fungi

animals

mutation

adaptive trait

evolution

artificial selection

natural selection

observations

hypotheses

prediction

test

models

scientific theory

variable

control group

experimental group

mimicry

2. Life’s Chemical Basis

Objectives

1. Understand how protons, electrons, and neutrons are arranged into atoms and ions.

2. Explain how the distribution of electrons in an atom or ion determines the number and kinds of chemical bonds that can be formed.

3. Know the various types of chemical bonds, the circumstances under which each forms, and the relative strengths of each type.

4. Understand the essential chemistry of water and of some common substances dissolved in it.

5. Understand the relationships of acids, bases, and salts.

Key Terms

element

trace element

atom

proton

neutron

electron

atomic number

mass number

periodic table

isotopes

radioactive decay

radioisotopes

tracers

orbital

shell model

chemical bonding

molecule

compound

mixture

ion

ionic bond

covalent bond

double covalent bond

nonpolar covalent bond

polar covalent bond

hydrogen bond

hydrophilic substances

hydrophobic substances

temperature

evaporation

solvent

solute

sphere of hydration

cohesion

hydrogen ion, H+

hydroxide ion, OH–

pH scale

acid, acidic

base, basic

salt

buffer system

3. Molecules of Life

Objectives

1. Understand how small organic molecules can be assembled into large macromolecules by condensation. Understand how large macromolecules can be broken into subunits by hydrolysis.

2. Recognize the functional groups presented and know the properties they confer when attached to other molecules.

3. Know the general structure of a monosaccharide, a fatty acid, an amino acid, and a nucleotide.

4. Know the macromolecules into which these essential building blocks can be assembled by condensation.

5. Know where these carbon compounds tend to be located in cells or organelles and the activities in which they participate.

Key Terms

organic compounds

functional groups

alcohols, —OH group

monomers

polymers

enzymes

condensation reaction

hydrolysis

carbohydrate

sugar

monosaccharides

disaccharide

oligosaccharide

polysaccharide

ribose

deoxyribose

glucose

fructose

sucrose

lactose

cellulose

starch

glycogen

chitin

lipids

fats

fatty acid

unsaturated

saturated

triglyceride

phospholipid

waxes

sterols

cholesterol

proteins

amino acid

R group

peptide bond

amino group

carboxyl group

polypeptide chain

primary structure

secondary structure

tertiary structure

quaternary structure

globular proteins

hemoglobin

glycoproteins

lipoproteins

fibrous proteins

heme

denaturation

nucleotide

ATP

coenzymes

nucleic acids

DNA

RNA

4. How Cells Are Put Together

Objectives

1. Understand the basic tenets of the cell theory.

2. Understand the essential structure and function of the cell membrane.

3. Contrast the general features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

4. Describe the nucleus of eukaryotes with respect to structure and function.

5. Describe the organelles associated with the endomembrane system, and tell the general function of each.

6. Contrast the structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

7. Describe the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes and distinguish it from the endomembrane system.

8. List several surface structures of cells and tell how they help cells survive.

Key Terms

cell

plasma membrane

nucleus

nucleoid

cytoplasm

ribosomes

prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

surface-to-volume ratio

cell theory

wavelength

light microscope

electron microscope

phospholipid

cell membrane

lipid bilayer

fluid mosaic model

prokaryotes

eubacteria

archeae

bacterial flagella

organelles

secretory pathway

endocytic pathway

enzymes

nucleus

chromosomes

chromatin

nuclear envelope

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

endomembrane system

endoplasmic reticulum

rough ER

ribosomes

smooth ER

Golgi bodies

vesicles

lysosome

peroxisomes

central vacuole

ATP

mitochondria

chloroplasts

stroma

thylakoids

cytoskeleton

microtubules

tubulin

microfilaments

actin

intermediate filaments

motor proteins

flagellum, flagella

cilium, cilia

centriole

basal body

pseudopods

cell wall

cellulose

cell junctions

plasmodesma

tight junctions

adhering junctions

gap junctions

5. How Cells Work

Objectives

1. Know two laws that govern the way energy is transferred from one substance to another.

2. Know the forces that cause water and solutes to move across membranes passively.

3. Distinguish between substances that move by simple diffusion and by facilitated diffusion.

4. Know the mechanisms by which substances are moved across membranes against a concentration gradient.

5. Provide an example of a metabolic pathway and explain what kinds of substances regulate activity of the pathway.

6. Tell exactly what enzymes do and how they do it.

7. Explain how a molecule can “carry” energy.

Key Terms

energy

first law of thermodynamics

entropy

second law of thermodynamics

endergonic

exergonic

aerobic respiration

ATP

phosphorylation

ATP/ADP cycle

reactants

intermediates

end products

energy carriers

enzymes

cofactors

transport proteins

chemical equilibrium

oxidation-reduction reaction

“redox” reactions

electron transfer chains

metabolic pathways

biosynthetic (anabolic)

degradative (catabolic)

activation energy

substrates

active sites

rearrangements

condensation

transition state

induced-fit model

coenzymes

NAD⁺, NADP⁺

allosteric site

feedback inhibition

selective permeability

concentration gradient

diffusion

passive transport

facilitated diffusion

active transport

exocytosis

endocytosis

bulk flow

osmosis

solutes

tonicity

hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution

isotonic solution

osmotic pressure

receptor-mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

bulk-phase endocytosis

6. Where it Starts — Photosynthesis

Objectives

1. Understand the main pathways by which energy from the sun or from specific chemical reactions enters organisms and passes from organism to organism and/or back into the environment.

2. Know the raw materials and products of each of these processes: light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Understand the basic function of each of these processes.

3. Explain how autotrophs use the intermediates as well as the products of photosynthesis in their own metabolism.

Key Terms

autotrophs

heterotrophs

photosynthesis

electromagnetic spectrum

wavelength

visible light

photons

pigments

chlorophyll a

chlorophyll b

accessory pigment

carotenoids

light-dependent reactions

light-independent reactions

chloroplasts

stroma

thylakoid membrane

photosystems

reaction center

electron transfer chains

ATP synthases

photolysis

Calvin-Benson cycle

carbon fixation

cuticle

stomata

C3/C4/CAM plants

7. How Cells Release Chemical Energy

Objectives

1. Know the relationship of food molecules to glucose and thus to glycolysis.

2. Understand the fundamental differences between glycolysis, fermentation, and glycolysis followed by aerobic respiration.

3. Know the factors that determine whether an organism will carry on fermentation or aerobic respiration.

4. Know the raw materials and products of each of these processes: glycolysis, fermentation, the Krebs cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation. Understand the basic function of each of these processes.

5. Describe how fats and proteins can enter the pathways of energy release.

Key Terms

ATP

anaerobic

fermentation pathways

aerobic respiration

glycolysis

pyruvate

Krebs cycle

electron transfer phosphorylation

energy-requiring

energy-releasing

final electron receptor

substrate-level phosphorylation

mitochondrion

acetyl-CoA

ATP synthases

anaerobic pathways

alcoholic fermentation

lactate fermentation

NAD+, NADH

FAD, FADH₂

	*BiologyByTheresa MSB Home Page* www.BiologyByTheresa.com
	Last updated 11/27/2006. (to bottom of page) Hello, and welcome to my new MSB web page. I am in the process of building this portion of my web site, so please bear with me. Thanks! Theresa NS 100, Biology, Fall Quarter 2006, Oakdale/Globe College campus Study Guide for Chapters 1-7 NS 100 Biology Fall 2006, Instructor: Theresa Holmes 1. Invitation to Biology Objectives 1. List features that distinguish living organisms from nonliving matter. 2. Describe the general pattern of energy flow through Earth’s life forms, and explain how Earth’s resources are used again and again (cycled). 3. Explain what is meant by the term diversity, and speculate about what caused the great diversity of life forms on Earth. 4. List as many steps of the scientific approach to understanding a problem as you can. 5. Explain how people came to believe that the populations of organisms that inhabit Earth have changed through time. 6. Understand as well as you can what limitations are imposed on science and scientists. Key Terms cell tissues organs organ systems population community ecosystem biosphere DNA enzymes inheritance reproduction development energy metabolism producers consumers decomposers receptors stimulus homeostasis species genus, genera Bacteria Archaea Eukarya prokaryotic plants fungi animals mutation adaptive trait evolution artificial selection natural selection observations hypotheses prediction test models scientific theory variable control group experimental group mimicry 2. Life’s Chemical Basis Objectives 1. Understand how protons, electrons, and neutrons are arranged into atoms and ions. 2. Explain how the distribution of electrons in an atom or ion determines the number and kinds of chemical bonds that can be formed. 3. Know the various types of chemical bonds, the circumstances under which each forms, and the relative strengths of each type. 4. Understand the essential chemistry of water and of some common substances dissolved in it. 5. Understand the relationships of acids, bases, and salts. Key Terms element trace element atom proton neutron electron atomic number mass number periodic table isotopes radioactive decay radioisotopes tracers orbital shell model chemical bonding molecule compound mixture ion ionic bond covalent bond double covalent bond nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond hydrogen bond hydrophilic substances hydrophobic substances temperature evaporation solvent solute sphere of hydration cohesion hydrogen ion, H+ hydroxide ion, OH– pH scale acid, acidic base, basic salt buffer system 3. Molecules of Life Objectives 1. Understand how small organic molecules can be assembled into large macromolecules by condensation. Understand how large macromolecules can be broken into subunits by hydrolysis. 2. Recognize the functional groups presented and know the properties they confer when attached to other molecules. 3. Know the general structure of a monosaccharide, a fatty acid, an amino acid, and a nucleotide. 4. Know the macromolecules into which these essential building blocks can be assembled by condensation. 5. Know where these carbon compounds tend to be located in cells or organelles and the activities in which they participate. Key Terms organic compounds functional groups alcohols, —OH group monomers polymers enzymes condensation reaction hydrolysis carbohydrate sugar monosaccharides disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide ribose deoxyribose glucose fructose sucrose lactose cellulose starch glycogen chitin lipids fats fatty acid unsaturated saturated triglyceride phospholipid waxes sterols cholesterol proteins amino acid R group peptide bond amino group carboxyl group polypeptide chain primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure globular proteins hemoglobin glycoproteins lipoproteins fibrous proteins heme denaturation nucleotide ATP coenzymes nucleic acids DNA RNA 4. How Cells Are Put Together Objectives 1. Understand the basic tenets of the cell theory. 2. Understand the essential structure and function of the cell membrane. 3. Contrast the general features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. Describe the nucleus of eukaryotes with respect to structure and function. 5. Describe the organelles associated with the endomembrane system, and tell the general function of each. 6. Contrast the structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts. 7. Describe the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes and distinguish it from the endomembrane system. 8. List several surface structures of cells and tell how they help cells survive. Key Terms cell plasma membrane nucleus nucleoid cytoplasm ribosomes prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells surface-to-volume ratio cell theory wavelength light microscope electron microscope phospholipid cell membrane lipid bilayer fluid mosaic model prokaryotes eubacteria archeae bacterial flagella organelles secretory pathway endocytic pathway enzymes nucleus chromosomes chromatin nuclear envelope nucleoplasm nucleolus endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum rough ER ribosomes smooth ER Golgi bodies vesicles lysosome peroxisomes central vacuole ATP mitochondria chloroplasts stroma thylakoids cytoskeleton microtubules tubulin microfilaments actin intermediate filaments motor proteins flagellum, flagella cilium, cilia centriole basal body pseudopods cell wall cellulose cell junctions plasmodesma tight junctions adhering junctions gap junctions 5. How Cells Work Objectives 1. Know two laws that govern the way energy is transferred from one substance to another. 2. Know the forces that cause water and solutes to move across membranes passively. 3. Distinguish between substances that move by simple diffusion and by facilitated diffusion. 4. Know the mechanisms by which substances are moved across membranes against a concentration gradient. 5. Provide an example of a metabolic pathway and explain what kinds of substances regulate activity of the pathway. 6. Tell exactly what enzymes do and how they do it. 7. Explain how a molecule can “carry” energy. Key Terms energy first law of thermodynamics entropy second law of thermodynamics endergonic exergonic aerobic respiration ATP phosphorylation ATP/ADP cycle reactants intermediates end products energy carriers enzymes cofactors transport proteins chemical equilibrium oxidation-reduction reaction “redox” reactions electron transfer chains metabolic pathways biosynthetic (anabolic) degradative (catabolic) activation energy substrates active sites rearrangements condensation transition state induced-fit model coenzymes NAD⁺, NADP⁺ allosteric site feedback inhibition selective permeability concentration gradient diffusion passive transport facilitated diffusion active transport exocytosis endocytosis bulk flow osmosis solutes tonicity hypotonic solution hypertonic solution isotonic solution osmotic pressure receptor-mediated endocytosis phagocytosis bulk-phase endocytosis 6. Where it Starts — Photosynthesis Objectives 1. Understand the main pathways by which energy from the sun or from specific chemical reactions enters organisms and passes from organism to organism and/or back into the environment. 2. Know the raw materials and products of each of these processes: light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Understand the basic function of each of these processes. 3. Explain how autotrophs use the intermediates as well as the products of photosynthesis in their own metabolism. Key Terms autotrophs heterotrophs photosynthesis electromagnetic spectrum wavelength visible light photons pigments chlorophyll a chlorophyll b accessory pigment carotenoids light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions chloroplasts stroma thylakoid membrane photosystems reaction center electron transfer chains ATP synthases photolysis Calvin-Benson cycle carbon fixation cuticle stomata C3/C4/CAM plants 7. How Cells Release Chemical Energy Objectives 1. Know the relationship of food molecules to glucose and thus to glycolysis. 2. Understand the fundamental differences between glycolysis, fermentation, and glycolysis followed by aerobic respiration. 3. Know the factors that determine whether an organism will carry on fermentation or aerobic respiration. 4. Know the raw materials and products of each of these processes: glycolysis, fermentation, the Krebs cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation. Understand the basic function of each of these processes. 5. Describe how fats and proteins can enter the pathways of energy release. Key Terms ATP anaerobic fermentation pathways aerobic respiration glycolysis pyruvate Krebs cycle electron transfer phosphorylation energy-requiring energy-releasing final electron receptor substrate-level phosphorylation mitochondrion acetyl-CoA ATP synthases anaerobic pathways alcoholic fermentation lactate fermentation NAD+, NADH FAD, FADH₂




















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The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author. However, the author takes no responsibility for the contents of external links.